{
 "no": 16,
 "id": "case-16",
 "sk": 20190805,
 "year": 2019,
 "date": "Aug 2019 onward",
 "cat": "Rights and dissent",
 "sev": "amber",
 "title": "Internet shutdowns. Democracy switched off",
 "stamp": "World leader in blackouts",
 "human": {
  "v": "Millions cut off from information, income and help during shutdowns; Kashmir endured one of the world's longest",
  "est": true
 },
 "cost": {
  "v": "Billions of dollars in estimated economic losses over the years",
  "est": true
 },
 "what": "India has repeatedly imposed more internet shutdowns than any other country, from the record-length blackout in Jammu and Kashmir after 2019 to routine shutdowns during protests and exams.",
 "dodge": "The blackouts are ordered with little transparency and no independent test of necessity, cutting citizens off from banking, medicine, schooling and news, and the human and economic cost is never accounted for or owned.",
 "ministers": [
  {
   "n": "Union Home Ministry / state governments",
   "r": "Order the shutdowns"
  }
 ],
 "pos": "Authorities cite law and order and the prevention of rumour and violence.",
 "alt": "Narrow, time-bound, judicially reviewable shutdowns as a genuine last resort, with published justification and cost.",
 "sources": [
  {
   "label": "Access Now #KeepItOn: India leads shutdowns 2023",
   "url": "https://www.accessnow.org/press-release/india-keepiton-internet-shutdowns-2023-en/",
   "tier": 2,
   "archiveUrl": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260727040524/https://www.accessnow.org/press-release/india-keepiton-internet-shutdowns-2023-en/"
  },
  {
   "label": "Timeline of the J&K internet shutdown, 2019-2021",
   "url": "https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-4g-internet-mobile-timeline-7176408/",
   "tier": 2,
   "archiveUrl": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260502225658/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-4g-internet-mobile-timeline-7176408/"
  }
 ],
 "caseUrl": "https://whoisresponsible.xyz/case/case-16/"
}